![]() ![]() Rising temperatures due to climate change are causing Arctic ice to melt at rates never before observed (Jackson et al., 2005). If there has already been a citation for this source in a paragraph, omit the year of publication: Signal phrases utilize APA citation along with. Include only the first author’s last name, followed by 'et al.', and year of publication (for first and subsequent citations). Note: APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to describe earlier research, for example, Jones (1998). What is a signal phrase Signal phrases make the distinction between writer and source clear for the audience. ![]() For an overview of signal phrases along with some examples, visit George Mason University's page on Signal. You will often want to use a signal phrase to introduce a narrative citation. The page number will bookend the quote at the end. If there has already been a citation for this source in a paragraph, omit the year of publication:ĭespite dire predictions, polar bear populations have actually increased over the past 50 years (Holden et al., 2008). A narrative citations weaves in the author's name(s) into the text, and then adds in the year in parentheses. Subsequent citations: Include only the last name of the first author, followed by 'et al.', and year of publication IF it is the first citation for that source in a paragraph. 3-5 Authorsįirst citation in text: Include last names of all authors, separated by the ampersand symbol ('&'), and year of publication:ĭespite dire predictions, polar bear populations have actually increased over the past 50 years (Holden, Michaels, & White, 2008). Polar bears have been used by environmentalists as an icon of climate change in several campaigns. Citing works with no author or unknown author: Cite by the title in the signal phrase, or use the first word or two of the title in the parentheses. Include last name of both authors, separated by the ampersand symbol ('&'), and year of publication: ![]() Studies indicate that polar bear populations will dramatically decline as Arctic ice melts (Jedden, 2006). Include author's last name and year of publication, separated by a comma, in parentheses: Citing a Work by Two Authors: Both authors names appear in parentheses or in the signal phrase each time you cite the work. Keep things interesting for your readers by switching up the language and placement of your signal phrases. Different citation styles require you to use specific verb tenses when using signal phrases. See examples below to learn about how multiple authors for one work are handled in APA parenthetical citations. ![]()
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